Folic acid deficiency

Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, plays a key role in the body by participating in DNA synthesis, cell formation, and maintaining the normal functioning of the nervous system. A deficiency of this vitamin can lead to various disorders that require attention and correction.

Causes of Folic Acid Deficiency

Folic acid deficiency can occur for several reasons. One of the most common causes is insufficient intake of the vitamin from food. Folic acid is found in leafy green vegetables, legumes, citrus fruits, and whole grains. Poor nutrition, vegetarianism, or veganism without proper planning can lead to deficiency.

Another reason is impaired absorption of the vitamin in the intestine. This can occur in various diseases, such as celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or short bowel syndrome. Additionally, some medications, such as anticonvulsants and metformin, can lower the levels of folic acid in the body.

Pregnancy and lactation are also periods of increased need for folic acid. Women expecting a child require more of this vitamin for the proper development of the fetus. If intake does not increase, this can lead to deficiency.

Symptoms of Deficiency

Symptoms of folic acid deficiency can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Pale skin
• Shortness of breath and rapid heartbeat
• Dizziness and headaches
• Irritability and depression
• Memory and concentration problems
• Mouth ulcers and inflammation of the tongue

In pregnant women, folic acid deficiency can lead to serious consequences, such as neural tube defects, as well as other developmental anomalies of the fetus. Therefore, it is important to monitor vitamin levels during this period.

Diagnosis of Folic Acid Deficiency

The diagnosis of folic acid deficiency usually begins with a blood test. The doctor may order a complete blood count, which will show hemoglobin levels and the presence of macrocytic anemia, characteristic of vitamin B9 deficiency. A serum folate or red blood cell folate test may also be conducted.

If test results indicate deficiency, the doctor may recommend additional studies to identify possible causes, such as intestinal diseases or the effects of medications. It is important to consider that some conditions, such as vitamin B12 deficiency, may have similar symptoms, so differential diagnosis is necessary.

Correction of Folic Acid Deficiency

Correction of folic acid deficiency involves both dietary changes and supplementation. First and foremost, it is recommended to increase the intake of foods rich in folic acid. Such foods include:

• Leafy green vegetables (spinach, broccoli, lettuce)
• Legumes (lentils, beans, peas)
• Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons)
• Nuts and seeds
• Whole grain products

In cases where dietary changes are insufficient to normalize vitamin levels, the doctor may prescribe folic acid in the form of supplements. The dosage depends on the severity of the deficiency and may range from 400 mcg to 5 mg per day. It is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations, as excess vitamin can also have negative consequences.

Prevention of Deficiency

Prevention of folic acid deficiency includes regular consumption of foods rich in this vitamin, especially for women of reproductive age. It is recommended to start taking folic acid supplements even before pregnancy and continue during the first trimester to minimize risks to the fetus.

It is also important to monitor health and, in the presence of conditions that may affect vitamin absorption, to undergo regular check-ups and consult with a doctor. This will help to timely identify and correct possible deficiencies, thereby ensuring health and well-being.