G
The main green tea catechin with antioxidant activity; generally safer as a beverage than as concentrated extracts, which can stress the liver in susceptible people.
A phenolic acid from tea, berries, pomegranate, nuts, and tannins; it matters as part of the food polyphenol background, while high-dose extracts are not the same as ordinary food.
Plant polyphenols from the hydrolyzable tannin family: they create astringency, can bind proteins and minerals, and behave differently in whole foods than in concentrated extracts.
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA helps limit excessive neuronal excitation, but its function depends on glutamate balance, sleep, magnesium, vitamin B6, stress, medication and brain health.
An Omega-6 fatty acid supplied mainly by evening primrose, borage and blackcurrant seed oils. Its relevance comes from its conversion toward DGLA and signaling mediators, so supplements should be judged by goal, tolerance, medications and the whole fatty-acid pattern.
A soy isoflavone with phytoestrogenic activity: it may mildly affect vascular, bone, and metabolic markers, but thyroid status, hormone-sensitive conditions, and medications matter.
The hunger hormone is produced mainly in the stomach and helps the brain track meal timing, energy availability, gut motility and food motivation. Its level is shaped by sleep, stress, habitual meal patterns, calorie deficit, protein intake and diet quality.
A hormone from pancreatic alpha cells that helps maintain glucose between meals by activating hepatic glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.
Amino acids whose carbon skeletons can be used to make glucose; this is normal metabolism and not a reason to fear protein on keto.
This process makes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources and helps maintain blood glucose during sleep, fasting, exercise and low-carbohydrate eating. It does not automatically “break ketosis”; it is regulated by protein intake, stress hormones, liver and kidney function, and overall energy needs.
A mild organic acid formed from glucose oxidation is used in foods as an acidity regulator, chelator and technological ingredient. In nutrition, the practical meaning depends on the salt form, dose, product matrix, tolerance and the full composition of the finished product.
The main blood sugar and a fast energy source for tissues that require glucose. In keto, the issue is not glucose as a molecule, but chronic excess, large post-meal spikes, insulin resistance and the body’s ability to maintain normal levels without constant sugar intake.
A home glucose meter shows how blood glucose responds to food, sleep, stress, exercise, illness and medication, but the number is only as good as the measuring technique and test strips. It is most useful when interpreted with symptoms, meal records and laboratory markers rather than as a diagnosis by itself.
Sulfur-containing compounds in cruciferous vegetables that form isothiocyanates and indoles when cut or chewed; important for flavor, detox enzymes, and gut tolerance.
A conditionally essential amino acid is especially important for the gut lining, immune cells, nitrogen metabolism and recovery after illness or heavy stress. Supplements are most useful when needs are increased and tolerance is good, not as a universal gut repair cure.
HbA1c reflects the share of hemoglobin bound to glucose and helps estimate average glycemia over recent months, but it can be distorted by anemia and altered red blood cell lifespan.
A measure of how quickly a carbohydrate food raises glucose; useful for comparison, but misleading without portion size and meal composition.
A measure that considers both glucose-raising speed and carbohydrate amount in a portion; more useful than glycemic index alone for judging real meals.
The stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles, supporting blood sugar stability, muscle work, and training adaptation. In low-carb nutrition, glycogen explains early water loss, electrolyte needs, and changes in exercise tolerance.
The process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose in liver and muscle; important for energy storage, training, recovery, and understanding carbohydrate adaptation.
The pathway that breaks glucose down to pyruvate or lactate while producing ATP; it still operates on keto because some cells always need glucose.
Somatotropin regulates tissue growth, recovery, lipolysis, glucose metabolism and the IGF-1 system, but it should not be treated as a simple youth hormone. Levels are shaped by sleep, nutrition, training, age, pituitary disease, insulin resistance and medications.
A test using a glucose drink and timed blood glucose measurements; it helps detect diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes, but preparation matters.
