Cadmium is a heavy metal used in metallurgy, electronics, and battery production due to its resistance to corrosion and low melting point.
Its toxicity and ability to accumulate in tissues make cadmium potentially hazardous to health and the environment.
History and Origin
Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by Friedrich Stromeyer while studying zinc ores. In nature, it occurs as an impurity in zinc, lead, and copper minerals.
Industrial cadmium pollution occurs through metallurgical waste, the use of phosphate fertilizers, and emissions from burning fuels.
Possible Beneficial Properties
The physiological role of cadmium for humans is not considered essential.
However, minimal amounts of cadmium may participate in the regulation of calcium, zinc, and copper metabolism, as well as affect enzyme processes and immune responses.
This role remains a subject of scientific debate and further research.
Sources of Exposure
Possible sources of cadmium intoxication include:
- mineral ores and dust from metallurgical production;
- soils contaminated with fertilizers;
- tobacco smoke and industrial emissions (one of the largest sources of cadmium);
- water from old pipes or contaminated sources;
- grains and vegetables grown in contaminated areas;
- seafood and fish from polluted waters.
Possible Risks of Excess and Their Manifestations
Toxic effects begin when cadmium is ingested at more than 0.1 mg/kg of body weight per day. It is slowly excreted from the body, accumulating in the liver, kidneys, and bones.
Cadmium intoxication leads to:
- kidney damage and the development of chronic kidney failure;
- osteomalacia and osteoporosis due to impaired mineral metabolism;
- respiratory diseases upon inhalation of cadmium dust;
- carcinogenic effects (especially lung cancer);
- reduced immune defense and susceptibility to infections.
Chronic cadmium poisoning can lead to severe illnesses.
In many individuals, acute release (detoxification) of cadmium or its acute accumulation (toxicity) manifests as:
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fever (increased temperature);
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weakness, fatigue;
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headaches;
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muscle and joint pain (myalgias, arthralgias);
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cough, shortness of breath (especially with lung involvement);
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inflammation of mucous membranes (rhinitis, conjunctivitis);
Even low doses with prolonged exposure can cause a cumulative effect, so it is important to minimize contact with cadmium in everyday life and at work.