Lead — a heavy metal that has been widely used for thousands of years due to its malleability, corrosion resistance, and ease of processing.
It has been used in construction, plumbing, paints, and even medicine. However, today lead is recognized as a toxic substance that can cause severe poisoning, especially in children.
Despite the decline in its use, contact with lead is still possible in the modern world.
History and Origin
Lead has been known since ancient times and was actively used in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Roman Empire, including for the production of pipes, dishes, and building elements.
In the Middle Ages, it was used in stained glass and paints.
In the 19th-20th centuries, lead became an important component in batteries, pigments, and fuels.
Its toxicity was confirmed only in the 20th century, leading to a gradual ban on its use in households and the food industry.
Is there any Nutritional Value
Lead does not perform any physiological functions and is not essential for the body. On the contrary, even small amounts can be harmful.
It disrupts enzyme systems, replaces beneficial minerals in tissues, and affects hemoglobin synthesis.
Sources of Exposure
The main sources of lead exposure include:
- old lead-based paints and varnishes;
- drinking water from lead pipes;
- industrial pollution and emissions from old vehicles;
- lead in soil, especially near industrial sites;
- lead in old cookware, solders, pigments, and toys.
Possible Risks of Excess and Their Manifestations
Excessive accumulation of lead is a serious problem, especially in childhood. The acceptable concentration in blood should not exceed 5-10 µg/dL, especially in children.
It has a multi-system toxic effect:
- headaches, irritability, weakness;
- loss of appetite, abdominal pain, constipation;
- memory, concentration, and speech impairments;
- increased blood pressure and kidney damage;
- developmental delays in children and reduced IQ;
- anemia due to suppressed hemoglobin synthesis.
Chronic poisoning requires timely diagnosis and may require chelation therapy.