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A bitter grapefruit and citrus flavonoid studied for oxidative stress and lipid metabolism; its practical importance is strongly shaped by grapefruit-drug interaction risk.

A broad name for kidney damage affecting filtration, blood vessels, glomeruli, tubules or interstitial tissue. Causes may include diabetes, hypertension, medications, autoimmune disease, infections, inherited disorders and chronic inflammation.

Nerve-system cells that receive, process and transmit signals. Their function depends on membranes, electrolytes, glucose and ketones, oxygen, sleep, B vitamins, Omega-3 fats and protection from chronic inflammation.

A form of vitamin B3 needed to make NAD and NADP, coenzymes involved in energy metabolism, skin, nervous-system function, digestion and lipid metabolism. In supplements, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and pharmacological doses must be distinguished.

A neurotransmitter and stress-response hormone that affects wakefulness, attention, vascular tone, blood pressure, glucose mobilization and threat response. It should not be reduced to motivation or anxiety; sleep, glucose, thyroid status, medications and the nervous system all matter.

A diet in which energy intake roughly matches energy expenditure, so body weight is maintained on average. It is not a separate food list, but a calorie, protein, fat and carbohydrate setup for weight maintenance, recovery or metabolic stabilization.