Vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients p. 7

Resveratrol. Antioxidant, slows down cell aging. In case of deficiency (in diet) — increased oxidative stress. Prescribed for inflammations, cardiovascular diseases, to protect blood vessels and promote longevity.

Melatonin. Sleep hormone, regulates biorhythms, restores immunity. Deficiency - insomnia, fatigue, disruption of circadian rhythms. Used for sleep disorders, shifting time zones, immune system disorders.

L-carnitine. Transports fatty acids into the mitochondria, increases energy production. In case of deficiency - fatigue, obesity, muscle weakness. Prescribed for obesity, physical exertion, cardiac problems.

Caffeine. Stimulates the CNS, increases alertness, concentration, and endurance. When lacking in the diet - fatigue (in those accustomed). Used to boost energy, sports goals, and eliminate drowsiness.

Berberine. Berberine is a plant alkaloid most often discussed in relation to glucose metabolism, lipid markers, and metabolic health.

Betaine. Betaine is involved in methylation, homocysteine metabolism, and support of liver-related metabolic pathways.

Curcumin. Curcumin is a turmeric polyphenol studied for effects on inflammatory signaling and antioxidant defense. Its bioavailability is low, so form, dose, gut tolerance and medication interactions matter.

Glutathione. Glutathione is a major intracellular antioxidant involved in detoxification, redox balance and liver function. Practical support depends not only on supplements, but also protein, cysteine, selenium, B vitamins and metabolic health.

Cholesterol. Cholesterol is a structural lipid and precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones. In keto and LCHF the key issue is not dietary cholesterol alone, but individual LDL, ApoB, triglyceride and metabolic response.

Phytoestrogens. Plant compounds that mimic the action of estrogens. When there is a deficiency, symptoms (hot flashes, osteoporosis) intensify in women during menopause. They are prescribed for menopause, hormonal imbalance, and the prevention of osteoporosis.

GABA. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter linked with relaxation, sleep and the balance of nervous-system excitation. GABA supplements have variable effects; anxiety and insomnia also require attention to sleep, stress, caffeine, magnesium and medical context.

L-theanine. L-theanine is an amino acid from green tea associated with calm focus, stress modulation and better caffeine tolerance. In keto it is not an essential nutrient, but a possible tool for stress and concentration.

Collagen. Collagen is a family of structural connective-tissue proteins: different types occur in skin, bone, cartilage, blood vessels, and basement membranes. Amino acids and vitamin C support collagen synthesis, while supplements should be judged by their form, dose, purpose, and evidence rather than treated as a replacement for complete protein.

Coenzyme Q10. Antioxidant, involved in energy production in the mitochondria. Deficiency - fatigue, muscle weakness, heart problems. Used in cardiovascular diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome, and aging.

Vitamin K2 (menaquinone). Calcium transport in the body. Inadequacy leads to atherosclerosis, strokes, osteoporosis.

Vitamin A (retinol). Health of the skin, vision, and immune system. A deficiency can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and reduced immunity.