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The bowel segment where water is absorbed, stool is formed, microbiota ferment substrates, and short-chain fatty acids are produced. Its health depends on motility, bile, fiber tolerance, electrolytes, inflammation, sleep, stress, and timely evaluation of warning symptoms.
Plant polyphenols that give tea, cacao, berries, nuts, spices, and red wine their astringent taste. They matter not only as antioxidants but also as compounds that bind proteins and minerals, influence tolerance, shape flavor, and may affect iron absorption.
A ketogenic diet variant that uses a small amount of carbohydrate around training to support power and glycogen without turning keto into random sugar-and-fat cycling.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid-like molecule important for bile acids, the heart, retina, nervous system, electrolyte balance, and muscle function. It comes mainly from animal foods, while supplements should be considered separately from energy drinks and with attention to kidneys, medication, and blood pressure.
Male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone; their function depends on the hormonal axis, temperature, blood flow, nutrition, sleep, and metabolic health.
A steroid androgen important for libido, muscle, bone, blood formation, mood, and metabolism in both men and women. It should not be judged from one random test: morning timing, SHBG, free testosterone, symptoms, sleep, medication, weight, and pituitary signals matter.
The active reduced form of folate that carries one-carbon units for DNA synthesis, methylation, homocysteine metabolism, and blood cell formation. Its function depends on vitamin B12, B6, riboflavin, enzyme activity, gut health, and medication context.
A deep brain structure that filters and routes sensory signals and participates in attention, sleep, pain, movement, and communication between the cortex and other nervous system regions. Thalamic problems can alter sensation, consciousness, memory, and pain processing.
The body’s production of heat through basal metabolism, muscle work, digestion, cold adaptation, thyroid hormones, and brown fat activity. It matters for energy expenditure, but it should not be confused with marketing promises to “boost metabolism” with one food or supplement.
Vitamin B1 is required for converting carbohydrates and some amino acids into usable energy and for normal nerve, heart, and brain function. Alcohol, vomiting, bariatric surgery, diuretics, high carbohydrate load, severe illness, and nutrient-poor diets raise deficiency risk.
The thymus is the gland where T lymphocytes mature and immune tolerance is shaped. It is most active in childhood, but its function is connected with stress, infections, autoimmunity, aging, nutrition, and rare tumors of the mediastinum.
An endocrine gland that produces T4 and T3 hormones, regulating metabolic rate, temperature, heart rate, gut function, brain function, reproduction, and energy.
The main thyroid hormone T4 acts as a reservoir for active T3 and influences energy metabolism, temperature, heart function, bowel motility, skin, brain, and lipids. It should be interpreted with TSH, free T4, sometimes free T3, antibodies, symptoms, medications, and context.
A form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membrane lipids and lipoproteins from oxidation. Food sources, balance with other vitamin E forms, dietary fat quality, bile flow, and caution with high-dose supplements all matter.
The main form of fat storage and transport: blood triglycerides reflect not only dietary fat, but also liver metabolism, excess sugar and fructose, alcohol, insulin resistance, medications and genetics. They often fall on low-carb diets, but very high values require medical evaluation because of pancreatitis risk.
An autoimmune disease with absolute or severe insulin deficiency requires lifelong insulin therapy and careful glucose management, not diet changes alone. A low-carbohydrate diet may reduce glucose swings, but it requires dose adjustment, ketone awareness and protection from hypoglycemia.
A metabolic disease usually driven by insulin resistance, excessive liver glucose output and declining beta-cell compensation. Low-carbohydrate eating, reduced visceral fat, movement and sleep can greatly improve control, but medication changes should be made with medical supervision.
A phenolic alcohol from olive oil and olive products; it should be distinguished from the amino acid tyrosine and understood together with hydroxytyrosol and oil quality.
