Autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases are a group of chronic pathologies in which the immune system fails to distinguish between “self” and “non-self” and begins to produce antibodies against its own cells and tissues. As a result, inflammatory processes develop, gradually damaging organs and systems, disrupting their function.

Autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and many others.

Causes of Autoimmune Diseases

Despite years of research, the exact mechanisms of autoimmune disease onset have not yet been determined. However, it is known that they form under the influence of a combination of genetic and external factors that distort the normal regulation of the immune system.

Genetic predisposition. The presence of certain genes responsible for the hyperactivity of immune cells increases the risk of developing autoimmune reactions.

Infections and viruses. Some microorganisms can trigger “molecular mimicry,” where antibodies produced against a virus start attacking the body’s own tissues.

Toxins and environmental pollution. Heavy metals, pesticides, mold, mycotoxins, and other toxins can alter cell proteins, making them “foreign” to the immune system.

Microbiota imbalance. Disruptions in gut flora directly affect immune tolerance, contributing to inflammation and autoimmune processes.

Hormonal fluctuations. The increased frequency of diseases in women is associated with the influence of estrogens and changes during pregnancy, menstruation, and menopause.

Chronic stress. Prolonged psycho-emotional tension raises cortisol levels and disrupts cytokine balance, which can provoke autoimmune reactions.

Symptoms of Autoimmune Diseases

Manifestations can be local (limited to one organ) or systemic (affecting the entire body). Characteristically, there is a wave-like course with alternating remissions and exacerbations.

Main symptoms:

• persistent fatigue, weakness, apathy;
• pain and stiffness in joints, muscle aches;
• feeling of heat, subfebrile temperature;
• hair loss, brittle nails, dry skin;
• digestive problems, bloating, intolerance to certain foods;
• weight loss or gain without obvious reason;
• increased sensitivity to cold or heat;
• sleep and mood disturbances.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases

Establishing a diagnosis requires a comprehensive examination, as clinical manifestations can resemble many other diseases.

Diagnosis usually includes:

• immunological tests for autoantibodies (ANA, anti-TPO, anti-dsDNA, etc.);
• determination of inflammatory marker levels (CRP, ESR, cytokines);
• assessment of the function of the affected organ (for example, thyroid hormone or liver enzyme tests);
• genetic tests for mutations associated with autoimmune disorders;
• biopsy of tissues to confirm inflammation or autoimmune damage;
• instrumental studies – ultrasound, MRI, CT if necessary to clarify organ damage.

Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases

Currently, it is impossible to completely cure an autoimmune disease, but modern approaches allow for long-term remission and improved quality of life.

Treatment aims to control inflammation, reduce immune system activity, and restore organ functions:

• immunosuppressants and corticosteroids to suppress the pathological activity of immune cells;
• anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and swelling;
• biological therapy – monoclonal antibodies that affect specific links in the immune response;
• correction of microbiota and support of the intestinal barrier using probiotics, enzymes, and anti-inflammatory nutrition;
• a diet excluding gluten, sugar, trans fats, and industrially processed foods;
• normalization of sleep, moderate physical activity, stress management, and maintaining optimal levels of vitamins D, omega-3, magnesium, zinc, and selenium.

Conclusion

Autoimmune diseases are complex systemic disorders arising from an imbalance in immune regulation.

Early diagnosis, a conscious approach to nutrition, elimination of inflammatory triggers, and proper support for the body can significantly reduce disease activity and maintain a high quality of life.

The modern approach to therapy includes not only medications but also the restoration of metabolic and neuroendocrine balance, making sustainable remission possible even in chronic forms.