Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).

These hormones accelerate metabolism, heart function, the nervous system, and all organs. The excess hormones cause the body to work “at high revs,” which over time leads to exhaustion and serious health disturbances.

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

The main causes of increased thyroid gland activity are:

• Graves’ disease (Basedow’s disease) – an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess hormones;
• toxic adenoma or multinodular toxic goiter – nodules in the gland that independently produce hormones;
• subacute thyroiditis – inflammation of the gland after viral infections, during which hormones are temporarily released into the blood;
• excessive iodine consumption – from supplements, contrast agents, or food;
• hormonal dysregulation after pregnancy (postpartum thyroiditis).

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Increased levels of thyroid hormones accelerate all metabolic processes, causing:

• increased appetite with simultaneous weight loss;
• rapid heartbeat, arrhythmia, increased blood pressure;
• feeling of heat, sweating, heat intolerance;
• hand tremors, anxiety, irritability, insomnia;
• thinning hair, brittle nails, moist skin;
• enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter);
• protrusion of the eyes (exophthalmos) in Graves’ disease;
• in women – menstrual cycle disorders, in men – reduced potency.

Diagnosis

To confirm hyperthyroidism, the following are conducted:

1. blood test: elevated T3 and T4, decreased TSH;
2. determination of antibodies to TSH receptors (in Graves’ disease);
3. ultrasound of the thyroid gland – assessment of structure, nodules, blood flow;
4. scintigraphy – determination of the activity of areas of the gland;
5. assessment of iodine and trace element levels (selenium, zinc, iron).

Treatment of Hyperthyroidism

Therapy methods are selected individually depending on the cause:

• antithyroid medications (methimazole, propylthiouracil) reduce hormone synthesis;
• radioactive iodine destroys hyperactive cells of the gland, reducing its activity;
• surgical removal of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy) – for large goiters or intolerance to medications;
• β-blockers (e.g., propranolol) are used to control heartbeat and tremors;
• dietary correction and restoration of trace element levels – selenium, zinc, magnesium.

Nutrition and Support for Thyroid Function

In hyperthyroidism, it is important to:

• reduce iodine intake (seaweed, iodized salt);
• ensure adequate protein and B vitamin intake;
• include foods rich in calcium and magnesium (fish, nuts, greens);
• avoid stimulants (caffeine, energy drinks);
• maintain antioxidant levels – vitamins C, E, and selenium.

Prognosis and Prevention

With early diagnosis and appropriately selected treatment, hyperthyroidism is well controlled. After stabilizing hormonal levels, most patients return to a normal lifestyle.

Prevention includes a balanced diet, moderate iodine intake, regular checks of TSH and T4 levels, especially with hereditary predisposition or after childbirth.