Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. This causes inflammation and damage to various organs — skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, and the nervous system.

SLE is most commonly diagnosed in women of reproductive age, but men and children can also be affected.

Causes and Mechanisms of Development

The exact causes of SLE are unknown, but several factors have been identified that increase the risk of its occurrence:

• genetic predisposition;
• hormonal changes, especially during pregnancy or menopause;
• prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• the use of certain medications.

Symptoms

The manifestations of the disease are diverse and depend on the affected organs. The most typical symptoms include:

• chronic fatigue and weakness;
• pain and inflammation in the joints and muscles;
• a characteristic rash on the face in the shape of a “butterfly”;
• fever;
• disruption of kidney, heart, or lung function.

Diagnosis

Due to the similarity of symptoms with other diseases, the diagnosis of SLE requires a comprehensive approach. The following methods are used:

1. complete blood count;
2. determination of antinuclear antibodies (ANA);
3. biochemical blood analysis;
4. urine analysis to assess kidney function.

Treatment

The main goal of treatment is to suppress inflammation and prevent flare-ups.

Depending on the severity of the condition, the following are used:

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• glucocorticoids;
• immunosuppressants;
• modern biological agents.

Conclusion

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a serious but manageable disease. Timely diagnosis, individually tailored therapy, and regular monitoring by a specialist can help maintain good health and prevent complications.