Asthma

Asthma — is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, in which the bronchial mucosa becomes hypersensitive to irritants.

This causes periodic attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness in the chest, and coughing. The disease can develop at any age and, without adequate control, leads to a gradual deterioration of lung function.

Causes and mechanisms of asthma development

Asthma has a multifactorial nature. The main roles are played by chronic inflammation of the bronchi, increased sensitivity of the immune system, and a deficiency of trace elements involved in regulating respiratory reactions.

Among the most common causes:

• allergens (plant pollen, pet dander, house dust, mites);
• air pollution, tobacco smoke, fragrances, and household chemicals;
• viral respiratory infections, especially in childhood;
• physical exertion or cold air that triggers bronchospasm;
• emotional stress and chronic sleep deprivation;
• dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and increased intestinal permeability, leading to sensitization of the immune system.

Symptoms and manifestations

The symptoms of asthma can vary from mild to severe. Attacks can occur spontaneously or triggered by certain factors. The main signs include:

• wheezing or a “whistling” sensation in the chest;
• shortness of breath during physical activity or at night;
• coughing, more often at night or early in the morning;
• a feeling of pressure and heaviness in the chest;
• increased heart rate and anxiety during an attack.

Diagnosis

To make a diagnosis, the doctor evaluates the clinical picture and conducts instrumental studies. The main diagnostic methods include:

• taking a medical history and assessing the frequency of attacks;
• spirometry — measuring the volume and speed of exhalation to determine the degree of bronchial narrowing;
• peak flowmetry — monitoring daily fluctuations in peak expiratory flow;
• allergy tests to identify specific triggers;
• assessing the levels of eosinophils and immunoglobulin E in the blood.

Treatment of asthma

Modern therapy aims not only to relieve symptoms but also to control inflammation and prevent structural changes in the bronchi. The main approaches include:

• inhaled short-acting bronchodilators to relieve attacks;
• inhaled glucocorticoids to reduce inflammation;
• leukotriene antagonists and anti-IgE medications for allergic forms;
• regularly keeping a symptom and peak flow diary to monitor the disease;
• eliminating allergens and lifestyle modifications.

Nutrition and nutritional support

Nutrition in asthma plays a key role, as inflammation in the airways is exacerbated by a deficiency of antioxidants, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids.

It is beneficial to include:

• fatty fish (a source of omega-3s that reduce inflammation);
• green leafy vegetables, nuts, seeds — sources of magnesium that help relax the bronchi;
• foods high in vitamins C and E, which protect the airway mucosa;
• fermented products (kefir, sauerkraut) to support the microbiome, which influences the immune response;
• sufficient water and salt intake — to maintain mucosal hydration and reduce histamine levels.

It is advisable to avoid sugar, trans fats, gluten, and products with chemical additives, as they exacerbate inflammatory reactions and increase bronchial sensitivity.

Prevention and lifestyle

Asthma control is impossible without changing habits and regular monitoring by a specialist. The main preventive measures include:

• avoiding contact with allergens and tobacco smoke;
• regularly conducting wet cleaning and using air purifiers;
• strengthening respiratory muscles through moderate physical exercise and breathing practices (using the Buteyko method or Strelnikova’s method);
• monitoring stress levels and ensuring quality sleep;
• controlling body weight, as obesity exacerbates asthma;
• correctly using inhalers and not discontinuing treatment on one’s own.

Asthma — is a condition that requires a comprehensive approach: medical, nutritional, and behavioral. With careful attention to the body and the elimination of provoking factors, most people can live actively and without restrictions.