Anorexia

Anorexia is a complex eating disorder in which the disruption of food intake is merely an external manifestation of deep biochemical, hormonal, and neurophysiological disturbances. The disease is characterized by a distorted perception of one’s body, fear of weight gain, and conscious restriction of food intake, which over time leads to systemic disruptions in the functioning of the body.

The modern functional and nutritional approach views anorexia not only as a mental disorder but also as a condition closely related to deficiencies in micro- and macronutrients, disruption of neurotransmitter regulation, stress hormones, and energy metabolism.

Main Mechanisms of Development

The basis of anorexia lies in a combination of psycho-emotional factors and biochemical disturbances. Chronic food restriction triggers a cascade of adaptive reactions that over time become entrenched and exacerbate the disorder:

• disruption of appetite regulation at the hypothalamic level;
• deficiency of zinc, magnesium, B vitamins, and fatty acids;
• reduction in leptin and insulin levels;
• increased cortisol and chronic stress;
• imbalance of serotonin and dopamine.

Biochemical and Nutrient Deficiencies

Food restriction quickly leads to a deficiency of key nutrients, without which the normal functioning of the nervous system and endocrine regulation is impossible.

• zinc – affects appetite, taste perception, and emotional stability;
• magnesium – necessary for the functioning of the nervous system and reducing anxiety;
• B vitamins – involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and energy;
• omega-3 fatty acids – support brain function and anti-inflammatory processes;
• protein and amino acids – the basis for hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters.

Physiological Consequences

Prolonged anorexia affects almost all systems of the body. In the early stages, changes may be reversible; however, with chronic progression, persistent disorders develop:

• decreased bone density and risk of osteoporosis;
• disruption of the menstrual cycle and fertility;
• slowed metabolism;
• lower body temperature and chronic fatigue;
• weakened immune system.

Psycho-emotional Aspects

Against the backdrop of nutrient deficiencies, anxiety, depressive states, and obsessive thoughts about food and weight intensify. This creates a vicious circle where biochemical disturbances support psychological symptoms, and psychological attitudes lead to further food restriction.

Approaches to Recovery

Effective work with anorexia requires a comprehensive approach aimed not only at psychotherapy but also at restoring physiological processes:

• gradual restoration of nutrition and energy balance;
• correction of micro- and macronutrient deficiencies;
• support for adrenal and thyroid function;
• normalization of sleep and circadian rhythms;
• working with distorted body perception and stress.

Conclusion

Anorexia is not just a refusal to eat, but a deep systemic disorder affecting biochemistry, hormonal regulation, and psycho-emotional state. Without restoring nutrient status and physiological balance, sustainable recovery is impossible; therefore, the modern approach must be comprehensive and individualized.