GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition in which acidic stomach contents are regularly regurgitated into the esophagus.

Constant irritation of the mucosa causes heartburn, regurgitation, cough, and discomfort in the chest. The disease often reduces the quality of life, and it is important to recognize it in a timely manner to prevent complications.

Causes of GERD

The main mechanism of GERD development is the weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter—a valve that should prevent the backward movement of food and acid.

Its function is influenced by many factors:

• excess weight, which increases pressure on the abdominal cavity;
• pregnancy;
• smoking;
• consumption of irritating foods, including coffee, alcohol, fatty and spicy foods;
• the use of certain medications, such as anti-inflammatory drugs.

Symptoms of GERD

1. heartburn—a burning sensation behind the sternum, often after eating or when lying down;
2. regurgitation—the sensation of acidic or bitter contents reaching the mouth;
3. chest pain—sometimes resembling heart pain;
4. cough, hoarseness, throat discomfort—a result of chronic irritation of the esophagus.

Symptoms can be episodic or persistent and depend on the degree of damage to the esophageal mucosa.

Diagnosis of GERD

Instrumental methods are used to confirm the diagnosis, allowing for the assessment of the esophagus’s condition and the level of acid exposure.

• endoscopy—a visual assessment of the esophagus and stomach;
• pH-metry—determining the acidity level in the esophagus;
• manometry—analyzing the motility and tone of the esophagus.

Treatment of GERD

The treatment strategy depends on the severity of symptoms and the presence of complications. It may include lifestyle changes, medications, and surgical methods:

1. dietary adjustments and elimination of triggering foods;
2. normalization of body weight and increased physical activity;
3. use of antacids and medications that reduce stomach acidity;
4. surgical intervention if conservative treatment is ineffective.

Prevention of GERD

Regular adherence to simple rules helps reduce the frequency of exacerbations and prevent the development of the disease:

• eating small portions without overeating;
• avoiding a horizontal position immediately after eating;
• limiting alcohol and quitting smoking;
• maintaining a healthy weight and regular physical activity.

GERD requires a comprehensive approach and monitoring by a specialist. If symptoms appear, it is recommended to consult a doctor to prevent complications and develop an effective treatment plan.