Adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are paired endocrine glands located above the kidneys. They produce hormones that regulate metabolism, blood pressure, stress response, and electrolyte balance.

Despite their small size, these glands play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and adapting the body to physical and emotional stressors.

Structure and Functions of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands consist of two distinct zones – the cortex and the medulla, each performing its own functions.

Adrenal Cortex

The cortex is divided into three layers that produce different types of steroid hormones:

• glomerulosa zone – synthesizes aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid) that regulates sodium, potassium, and water balance, directly affecting blood pressure;
• fasciculata zone – produces cortisol (a glucocorticoid) that controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, and is involved in the stress response and inflammation;
• reticularis zone – secretes androgens (in small amounts in both sexes) that influence libido, mood, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Adrenal Medulla

The medullary part of the adrenal glands is formed by chromaffin cells that produce catecholamines:

• adrenaline – increases glucose levels, enhances heart function, accelerates breathing, and prepares the body for action (“fight or flight”);
• noradrenaline – maintains vascular tone and pressure, regulates the stress response.

Role of the Adrenal Glands in the Body:

• involvement in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates;
• regulation of immune responses and inflammatory processes;
• maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure;
• management of the body’s reactions to stress and physical exertion.

Disorders of Adrenal Function

Adrenal dysfunction can manifest as hypofunction (insufficient hormone production) or hyperfunction (excessive hormone production).

Main diseases:

• Addison’s disease – chronic adrenal cortex insufficiency. Symptoms: weakness, low blood pressure, skin darkening, weight loss, salt cravings;
• Cushing’s syndrome – excess cortisol. Manifested by obesity in the upper body, moon-shaped face, thinning skin, and increased blood sugar;
• Pheochromocytoma – a tumor of the medulla causing the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Leads to a sharp increase in blood pressure, tachycardia, anxiety, and sweating;
• Adrenal fatigue – a functional state arising from chronic stress, lack of sleep, and overexertion.

Factors Weakening the Adrenal Glands

• prolonged stress and elevated cortisol levels;
• lack of sleep, irregular daily routine;
• excess caffeine and stimulants;
• deficiency of B vitamins, magnesium, vitamin C, and cholesterol (raw material for steroid hormone synthesis);
• excessive physical exertion without recovery.

Support and Recovery of the Adrenal Glands

• ensure regular and sufficient sleep (7–9 hours);
• balance nutrition – include animal fats, avocados, nuts, eggs, liver, greens;
• limit coffee and energy drinks, especially when fatigued;
• include adaptogens: Rhodiola rosea, ashwagandha, ginseng, cordyceps;
• take vitamin C (which concentrates in the adrenal glands), B5, B6, and magnesium;
• regularly rest and practice breathing techniques, meditation, and nature walks.

Conclusion

The adrenal glands are a crucial part of the endocrine system, determining the body’s ability to adapt to stress. Their imbalance affects energy, blood pressure, sugar levels, and emotional state.

Supporting the adrenal glands through nutrition, sleep, stress reduction, and proper recovery is key to resilience, calmness, and long-term health.